Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, Volume 5, Issue 2, 2010

The effects of message strategy and execution framework on

teenage boy’s processing of print advertisements in India

Tuhin Chattopadhyay

Faculty, Department of Marketing, IILM, Greater Noida

K–2089, 2nd floor, Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi – 110 019, India

Tel: +91-9250674214

Email: proftchattopadhyay@rediffmail.com

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explore the most effective print advertising strategy in terms of message

strategy and execution framework for teenage boys in India. Teenage boys (n = 400) watched twenty

advertisements in which message strategy and execution framework were manipulated in a 2x10

completely crossed factorial design and were asked to rate their attention, comprehension, retention,

attitudes and purchase motivation about these advertisements. Results suggest that affective message

strategy along with personality symbol as execution framework is most effective for teenage boys.

Findings are then discussed.

Keywords: print advertising, information processing, message strategy, execution framework, teenage

boys

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

1 INTRODUCTION

The study of consumer information processing has become an important development in

communication research. As creative complexity and artistic expression continue to be the norm in

contemporary print advertising, a further understanding of how consumers process advertisements can

only enhance future advertising efforts (Lapidus, 1991). Since the marketplace gets more competitive

with hundreds, if not thousands, of advertisers competing for the consumers‟ attention marketers must

develop a better understanding of the consumer if they are to reach their desired target audience

efficiently and effectively. It is a fact universally acknowledged that matching advertisement format to

a consumer's mode of information processing enhances advertising effectiveness. Most print

advertisements utilize texts and pictures to communicate with consumers. Research has begun to

examine how the processing of these texts and pictures are influenced by its structure (e.g., whether it

is in narrative format or presented as a list of attributes; Adaval & Wyer, 2004; Escalas, 1998). When

advertising format is compatible with processing mode, the ability to process information gets

enhanced, making the message more persuasive and advertisement evaluations, brand evaluations, and

purchase intentions more favourable than when advertising format and processing mode are

incompatible. It is a matter of study for the market researchers to find out the most effective advertising

strategy for the segmented target markets. In considering the many and varied effects of advertising, a

very central issue is how the information in an advertisement is processed, that is, how people

understand and remember what an advertisement said.

„The consumer is constantly being bombarded with information which is potentially relevant for

making choices. The consumer‟s reaction to that information, how that information is interpreted, and

how it is combined or integrated with other information may have crucial impacts on choice. Hence,

decisions on what information to provide to consumers, how much to provide, and how to provide

require knowledge of how consumers process, interpret and integrate that information in making

choices (Bettman, 1979).‟

The way in which information is received, processed and recalled by the human mind is necessary

to know if advertising is to be efficiently devised and created to elicit the highest possible effect.

Information processing models generally gain their power when they are applied to make predictions

on what types of information will and will not be recalled.

In an attempt to understand consumer choice in advertising, the approach that has been taken is to

focus on the information used by consumers and how that information is processed. “A clearer

understanding of the stages of the processes involved in responding to advertisements would certainly

have practical as well as theoretical importance (Harris, 1983).”

The basic approach to study the choice in advertising is to view the consumer as a processor of

information; that is the consumer is characterized as interacting with his or her choice environment,

seeking and taking in information from various sources, processing this information, and then making a

selection among different alternatives. The purpose is to provide an integrated view of choice from an

information processing perspective.

Since the right message strategy and the right execution framework will be different for different

target audiences, the present research has taken into consideration the teenage boys and tries to explore

the right combination of message strategy and execution framework which will be the most effective

tool for each of them. The present study on information processing has been carried out by treating

print advertisements as information sources and male teenagers as information processors.

Objective

This study is designed to extend knowledge of cognitive processing of advertising messages by

teenage boys in India. The objective of the research is to give the advertising industry a definite

guideline while targeting the teenage boys. The research tries to bring forward the most effective

combination of message strategy and execution framework for the teenage boys. The specific

objectives of the research are as follows:

1. To find whether advertisement elements like message strategy and execution framework

influence processing and understanding of advertising messages by teenage boys.

2. To explore the most appropriate strategies for creating print advertisements in terms of

message strategy and execution framework while targeting towards the teenage boys of

India.

Tuhin Chattopadhyay

2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The understanding of how the mind processes and stores information is invaluable to advertisers

as they plan for message strategy and execution framework in advertisements. If there is little to no

understanding of the information processing skills of the consumers with whom one is working, it

would be almost impossible to design advertisements that contributes to high levels of effectiveness.

However, attempting to understand the myriad theories of information processing and cognitive

development can be overwhelming and contradictory. There are means of structuring advertisements,

though that can incorporate the best of all of these ideas, and in order to help consumers process the

information from the advertisements in the right way, advertisers must draw from all of these theories.

Advertising message strategy is a well-researched topic in both the academic as well as

practitioners community. Ray (1982) classifies commercials by “format,” e.g. warmth, testimony,

refutation, repetition and fear. Rothschild (1987) refers to classes of creative appeal (rational versus

emotional) and execution style (slice of life, product comparison, problem/solution, music, sex and

humour). Belch and Belch (1990) used the term “Appeals” (rational, emotional and combinations) and

“Execution Styles” (factual message, scientific/ technical evidence, demonstration, comparison,

testimonial, slice of life, animation, personality symbol, fantasy, dramatization, humour and

combinations).

The quantity and quality of information retained by an individual depends largely on the

perceptual and cognitive operations employed at the time of encoding (Benton, Glover & Bruning,

1983). Cognitive psychologists hold that the consumers seek and use information to assist them in

decision processes in order to maximise utility, reduce levels of risk, or solve problems. McGuire

suggested that the impact of persuasive communications could be understood in terms of three

information-processing phases: a) attention to the message, b) comprehension of its contents, and c)

acceptance of its conclusions. McGuire, in 1969, further extended the model into six steps which are as

follows:

1. Presentation: at first the message recipient must be presented with the persuasive message

2. Attention: the recipient must pay attention to the message in order to produce attitude change

3. Comprehension: the overall position that the message advocates and the arguments provided

with to support the position must be comprehended

4. Yielding: the recipient must yield to, or agree with, the message content that has been

comprehended if any attitude change is to be detectable

5. Retention: the recipient must retain the advertisement, or store it in memory, if this is to be

persisted over a period of time.

6. Behaviour: the recipient must behave on the basis of their changed mind

McGuire‟s six-steps (1969) give a good overview of the information processing process of the

consumers while watching the advertisements. The steps discussed in McGuire‟s information

processing model, have also been dealt with by other researchers. Attention, defined as the general

distribution of mental activity to the tasks being performed by the individuals (Moates and Schumacher

1980), reflects both which receives mental activity (direction) and the duration of the focus. As a

limited cognitive resource (Broadbent 1977; Mitchell 1983), attention can be allocated to the various

degrees to the advertisement. The selective aspect of attention is under conscious control and is

directed towards the need-relevant stimuli. It is also recognized, however, that the stimuli may contain

properties that automatically elicit attention (Berlyne 1960). Comprehension is a function of the

message characteristics, the consumer‟s opportunity and ability to process the information and the

consumer‟s motivation (or level of involvement). Within the concepts of information processing, and in

parallel with these decision-making models (and the role information plays within them), has been the

study of attitude and attitudinal change. The study of attitudinal formation and change is central to

promotional marketing. Particularly central to information processing and attitude formation has been

the premise of 'rational choice', which suggests that cognitive shifts will lead to new attitudes. Among

many similar treatments, Ray's (1973) variation on these deals with the hierarchical components may

have in a linear process of attitudinal change. In his version of the theory, high involvement requires

initial cognitive change, followed by conative change and then behaviour (i.e. the Learn-Feel-Do

approach).

Meanwhile, the literature concerning the importance of information processing in marketing has

not remained static. Extant research proposed that emotions cause attention to shift towards the

stimulus that causes an emotion, as a result of the limbic system‟s autonomic reaction (Damasio, 1994).

Further research suggests that the emotional and rational are not two conflicting things in the brain, but

work together towards the survival of the organism: emotions direct attention, so that the organism

recognizes things it should avoid or approach (Erik du Plessis, 2005).

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There are a huge number of variables involved in information processing, ranging from cultural

variables to specific experiences, from memory recall to personality traits, from motivations and

attitudes to mental capacity and situation-specific criteria and so on. It is therefore a complex task to

model or codify the way the mind processes information when it constructs understanding and a sense

of meaning. The complexities of elements within this subject, however, also encourage recognition of

the value of inductive modes of investigation when it comes to interpreting the deviations and

departures in the character of processing mechanisms and the way these may be interpreted and

modelled. While most of the researchers try to find out how consumers process information by

developing models and theories, little attempt was made to find out the cognitive style of different

segments differentiated by sex and age.

Hypotheses

The initial encoding of the message by the advertiser is an area of research which might possibly

receive the least amount of attention. Researchers have concentrated on information processing and

associated behavioural response but have seemingly bypassed the structure (message strategy and

execution framework) of the advertising stimulus. The hypotheses have been framed to bridge the

existing gap in the previous research. In order to fulfill the proposed object, an experimental design was

prepared, with two between-subject factors to be controlled: message strategy and execution

framework. The message strategy was divided into two treatments: cognitive or rational advertisements

and affective or emotional advertisements. The execution framework was divided into ten levels:

animation, slice of life, testimonial, demonstration, fantasy, informative, scientific/ technical evidence,

comparison, personality symbol and dramatization. The independent variables and their levels have

been selected keeping in mind the seminal works of the academicians (Belch and Belch, 1990) on

advertising format. As for the dependent variables, the five dependent variables have been identified in

line with McGuire's Information Processing Theory. They are ability to gain attention, message

comprehension, retention of the advertisement, attitude towards the advertisement and purchase

motivation of the consumers by watching the advertisement. The hypotheses are as follows:

H1: The vectors of means (centroid) of teenage boy‟s attention, message comprehension, attitude,

retention and purchase motivation remains the same across different levels of message strategies and

execution framework.

Historically, following a significant MANOVA with ANOVAs on each of the p variables was one

of the first methods recommended for interpreting group differences (Cramer and Bock, 1966). Once a

significant interaction effect has been found, the next step is to investigate the specific differences

between groups. As in ANOVA, this involves determining which groups are responsible for significant

omnibus test. In addition, the follow-up analyses are used to evaluate which variables are important for

group separation.

H2: The mean level of teenage boy‟s attention towards advertisements remains the same for all

combinations of message strategies and execution framework.

H3: The mean level of teenage boy‟s comprehension of the advertisements remains the same for

all combinations of message strategies and execution framework.

H4: The mean level of teenage boy‟s retention of the advertisements remains the same for all

combinations of message strategies and execution framework.

H5: The mean level of teenage boy‟s attitude towards advertisements remains the same for all

combinations of message strategies and execution framework.

H6: The mean level of teenage boy‟s purchase motivation remains the same for all combinations

of message strategies and execution framework.

3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Advertisement treatment selection

The 2×10 experimental design described requires the control of twenty different experimental

treatments. Therefore, twenty different print advertisements need to be selected to show the members

Tuhin Chattopadhyay

of the sample. The researcher took almost all print media advertisements (300) targeted towards

teenage boys published in India from 2005 to 2007 by the fifteen leading advertising agencies of India

and for all practical purposes the collection has considered to be exhaustive. A panel of eight judges

viewed over three hundred advertisements to select twenty advertisements, a number consistent with

the 20 stimulus advertisements used by Childers and Houston (1984). The twenty advertisements for

teenage boys represented all permutations of two types of message strategy (Cognitive Message

Strategy and Affective Message Strategy) and ten types of execution framework (Animation, Slice of

life, Testimonial, Demonstration, Fantasy, Informative, Scientific/ technical evidence, Comparison,

Personality symbol, Dramatization). Cognitive was defined as "appealing to the 'rationality' of the

receiver" and Affective was defined as creating a mood and appealing to the emotions. The

advertisements were "strong" representations of both types of appeals. All advertisements were familiar

products or brands that might conceivably be purchased by the subjects. The entire selection is done

through Quick-sort procedure to maintain objectivity in the research.

Subjects and design

A total of 400 teenage boys in the age group of thirteen to nineteen years were chosen through

area sampling from all over India. The sample was spread out among four different geographic areas in

India, in order to ensure maximum representation: southern area (city of Kozhikode), western area (city

of Ahmedabad), eastern area (city of Kolkata) and northern area (city of Delhi). The sample was

equally divided among the four cities (100 individuals in each).

The 400 teenage boys are shown the 20 advertisements with different combination of the two

types of message strategy and ten types of execution framework. Questionnaires were also provided to

them while watching the advertisements. The five dependent variables of the research namely attention,

comprehension, attitude, retention and purchase motivation are measured on a five-point semantic

differential scale for each of the twenty advertisements which represent the twenty combinations of

message strategy and execution framework. A random ordering of twenty advertisements were

assigned to the 400 teenage boys in a 2 × 10 factorial design of message strategy (Cognitive Message

Strategy and Affective Message Strategy) and execution framework (Animation, Slice of life,

Testimonial, Demonstration, Fantasy, Informative, Scientific/ technical evidence, Comparison,

Personality symbol, Dramatization).

4 RESULTS

Reliability for scales with multiple items ranged from .84 to .93. The name of the advertised brand

did not affect any of the measures (all p's > .27), so analyses were performed on aggregated data.

Familiarity and involvement with the category and the perceived importance of product attributes did

not differ across advertisements (all p's > .10).

To investigate the interaction between message strategy and execution framework on the teenage

boy‟s attention, message comprehension, attitude, retention and purchase motivation an overall 2

(message strategy) × 10 (execution framework), Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was

performed to control the overall alpha level at the desired level (.05). There was a significant

interaction between message strategy and execution framework (Wilks' lambda = .92, F(45, 3.568E4) =

15.39, p < .01). Thus the result refutes hypothesis 1 and provides sufficient statistical evidence that the

differences in teenage boys‟ attention, comprehension, retention, attitude and purchase motivation

between cognitive message strategies and affective message strategies depend on the execution

frameworks, or, the differences among execution frameworks vary with message strategies with respect

to teenage boy‟s attention, comprehension, retention, attitude and purchase motivation. A complete

summary of MANOVA results can be found in Table 1.

Table 1: Multivariate Tests

Effect

Value

Hypothesis df

Error df

Sig.

MessStrat * ExeFrame

Pillai's Trace

.085

15.246

45.000

3.990E4

.000

Wilks' Lambda

.918

15.386

45.000

3.568E4

.000

Hotelling's Trace

.087

15.498

45.000

3.987E4

.000

Roy's Largest Root

.050

44.076

9.000

7.980E3

.000

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the second hypothesis considering attention

of the teenage boys towards the advertisement as the dependent measure. The interaction effect

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

between message strategy and execution framework (F(9, 7980) = 8.15 p < .01), are found to be

significant. A summary of the interaction effect of ANOVA results can be found in Table 2.

Table 2: Dependent Variable: Attention of the teenage boys towards the advertisement

Source

Type III Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

MessStrat * ExeFrame

73.045

8.116

8.149

.000

Error

7947.982

7980

.996

A significant interaction between message strategy and execution framework has been illustrated

in Figure 1 which shows that how the teenage boys‟ attention gets increased from cognitive message

strategy to affective message strategy for each level of execution framework and it is highest for

affective advertisements (M = 3.5) when the execution framework is personality symbol.

Figure 1: Message strategy by execution framework on teenage boys’ attention towards

advertisement by taking message strategy in the horizontal axis

To test the third hypothesis also, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used considering

comprehension of the advertisement by the teenage boys as the dependent measure. The interaction

effect between message strategy and execution framework (F(9, 7980) = 24.8 p < .01), are found to be

significant. A summary of the interaction effect of ANOVA results can be found in Table 3.

Table 3: Dependent Variable: Comprehension of the teenage boy

Source

Type III Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

MessStrat * ExeFrame

123.944

13.772

24.804

.000

Error

4430.592

7980

.555

Tuhin Chattopadhyay

A significant interaction between message strategy and execution framework has been illustrated

in Figure 2 which shows that how the teenage boys‟ comprehension gets increased from cognitive

message strategy to affective message strategy for each level of execution framework and it is highest

for affective advertisements (M = 3.87) when the execution framework is personality symbol.

Figure 2: Message strategy by execution framework on teenage boys’ comprehension of the

advertisement by taking message strategy in the horizontal axis

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the fourth hypothesis considering retention of

the advertisement in memory as the dependent measure. The interaction effect between message

strategy and execution framework (F(9, 7980) = 13.1 p < .01), are found to be significant. A summary

of the interaction effect of ANOVA results with retention of the advertisement in memory as dependent

measure can be found in Table 4.

Table 4: Dependent Variable: Retention of the Advertisement in memory

Source

Type III Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

MessStrat * ExeFrame

64.058

7.118

13.095

.000

Error

4337.517

7980

.544

A significant interaction between message strategy and execution framework has been illustrated

in Figure 3 which shows that how the teenage boys‟ retention gets increased from cognitive message

strategy to affective message strategy for each level of execution framework and it is highest for

affective advertisements (M = 3.59) when the execution framework is personality symbol.

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

Figure 3: Message strategy by execution framework on teenage boys’ retention of the

advertisement by taking message strategy in the horizontal axis

To test the fifth hypothesis also, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used considering attitude of

the teenage boys towards the advertisement as the dependent measure. The interaction effect between

message strategy and execution framework (F(9, 7980) = 24.66 p < .01) are found to be significant. A

summary of the interaction effect of ANOVA results with attitude of the teenage boys towards the

advertisement as dependent measure can be found in Table 5.

Table 5: Dependent Variable: Attitude of the teenage boys towards the advertisement

Source

Type III Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

MessStrat * ExeFrame

185.169

20.574

24.655

.000

Error

6659.158

7980

.834

A significant interaction between message strategy and execution framework has been illustrated

in Figure 4 which shows that how the teenage boys‟ attitude gets increased from cognitive message

strategy to affective message strategy for each level of execution framework and it is highest for

affective advertisements (M = 3.79) when the execution framework is personality symbol.

Tuhin Chattopadhyay

Figure 4: Message strategy by execution framework on teenage boys’ attitude towards the

advertisement by taking message strategy in the horizontal axis

A similar analysis was also conducted using purchase motivation as the dependent measure to test

the sixth hypothesis. Again, the interaction effect between message strategy and execution framework

(F(9, 7980) = 19.3 p < .01), are found to be significant. A summary of the interaction effect of

ANOVA results with purchase motivation of the teenage boys towards the advertisement as dependent

measure can be found in Table 6.

Table 6: Dependent Variable: Purchase Motivation of the teenage boy

Source

Type III Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

MessStrat * ExeFrame

105.894

11.766

19.297

.000

Error

4865.652

7980

.610

A significant interaction between message strategy and execution framework has been illustrated

in Figure 5 which shows that how the teenage boys‟ purchase motivation gets increased from cognitive

message strategy to affective message strategy for each level of execution framework and it is highest

for affective advertisements (M = 3.54) when the execution framework is personality symbol.

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

Figure 5: Message strategy by execution framework on teenage boys’ purchase motivation from

the advertisement by taking message strategy in the horizontal axis

5 FINDINGS

The print advertisements utilize text and pictures to communicate with the teenage boys. However,

which type of messages and images are preferred by the teenage boys have rarely been explored.

Therefore, we were not much aware of which type of message strategy and execution work are most

preferred by the teenage boys of India and how can advertisers make the advertisements most effective

for the teenage boys.

From the present research, it has been found that advertisement elements like message strategy

and execution framework influence processing and understanding of advertising messages by teenage

boys. The result clearly shows that the affective message with personality symbol as execution

framework leaves the maximum impact on attention, comprehension, retention, attitude and purchase

motivation of the teenage boys of India. Thus the advertisements with affective message strategy and

personality symbol as execution framework are most effective while targeting the teenage boys.

6 CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

Creating and producing effective advertising is one of the main aims pursued by advertising

agencies. In this task, the advertising agencies constantly search for new advertising strategies which

will help get their message across to the public as effectively as possible. Affective message strategy

relate to the teenage boys‟ social and/or psychological needs for purchasing a product or service. Many

teenage boys‟ motives for their purchase decisions are emotional, and their feelings about a brand can

be more important than knowledge of its features or attributes. Advertisers for many teenage boys‟

products and services view rational, information based appeals as dull. Many advertisers believe that

appeals to teenage boys‟ emotions work better at selling brands that do not differ markedly from

competing brands, since rational differentiation of them is difficult.

Urban teenage boys prefer a type of advertising execution which involves developing a central

character or personality symbol that can deliver the advertising message and with which the product or

Tuhin Chattopadhyay

service can be identified. Many of the advertisements use the celebrities like popular film stars and

cricketers and the brand derives its persona from the image of the celebrity used. Even some times the

representative of the common man become the spokesperson of the brand and thus becomes the

personality symbol of the brand. Since the youngsters of this generation are very particular about their

projected personality, the personality symbol of the brand leaves a high impact on them.

Thus the present research gives a guideline to the practitioners to use affective advertisements

with personality symbol as execution framework while targeting the urban teenage boys of India.

Limitations and directions for future research

The premise of the study was examining how message strategy and execution framework

influence the processing of advertisements by the teenage boys. As dependent measures, attention,

comprehension, retention, attitude and purchase motivation were used to determine an advertisement‟s

effectiveness. Other measures of effectiveness, especially the sales, warrant further research. Further

levels of message strategy and execution framework may also be incorporated in future studies.

Additionally, other significant advertisement components like colour of the advertisement, size of the

advertisement and location of the advertisement need further looking into. Further objectivity can be

brought into future research by measuring the cognitive functions of teenage boys through brain

scanning devices like functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalography (EEG)

and Magneto-encephalography (MEG) while they watch the advertisements. Electromyography (EMG)

can also be used for evaluating and recording the activation signal of facial muscles while consumers

watch the advertisements. The problem of the subjective measure used in the present study is that

consumer is not capable of exactly expressing how long the advertisement attracted his attention, which

means that the measurement‟s validity is not totally adequate (Pechmann and Stewart, 1990). The

future academic researcher may use eye-camera and pupilometer for objective measurements of

attention. Another improvement of the present research can be done by pursuing further research on

industry specific advertisements which could yield sector specific results. Last but not the least, besides

gender and age, other parameters could also be employed as per the segmentation variable of that

particular product or service.

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