Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, Volume 10, Issue 1, 2015

Supply chain risk management enablers-A framework

development through systematic review of the literature from

2000 to 2015

Irène Kilubi

University of Bremen, Faculty of General Business Administration, Chair of Maritime Business and Logistics,

Wilhelm–Herbst–Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany

Phone: +49 171 94 38 218

Email: i.kilubi@yahoo.com

Hans–Dietrich Haasis

University of Bremen, Faculty of General Business Administration, Chair of Maritime Business and Logistics,

Wilhelm–Herbst–Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany

Phone: + 49 421 218 66760

Email: haasis@uni–bremen.de

Abstract

The present paper delivers a robust and systematic literature review (SLR) on supply chain risk management

(SCRM) with the purpose to a) review and analyse the literature concerning definitions and research

methodologies applied, to b) develop a classificatory framework which clusters existing enablers on SCRM, and

to c) examine the linkage between SCRM and performance. The findings reveal that not only is SCRM loosely

defined, but that there are various fragmented supply chain risks enablers and that there is a strong need for a

clear terminology for its building enablers. In addition to that, the review points to a lack of empirical

confirmation concerning the connection between SCRM and performance. This paper contributes an overview

of 80 peer-reviewed journal articles on SCRM from 2000 to the beginning of 2015. We offer an overarching

definition of SCRM, synthesise and assemble the numerous enablers into preventive and responsive strategies

by means of a conceptual framework. Moreover, indicating the social network theory (SNT) as a potential

theoretical foundation for SCRM, we further contribute to the supply chain management (SCM) literature by

providing propositions that guide future research.

Keywords: supply chain risk management, supply chain risk(s), supply chain performance, supply chain

disruption(s), systematic literature review, enabler(s), conceptual framework

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

1 INTRODUCTION

The demands of the business environment and the progression of emerging markets are leading to the

development of dynamic and complex supply chain (SC) networks (Braunscheidel and Suresh, 2009; Manuj and

Mentzer, 2008a; Tummala and Schoenherr, 2011; Spekman and Davis, 2004; Zsidisin et al., 2004).

Consequently, these effects lead to an increase in risk exposure, for instance due to shorter technology and

product life cycles, increased demand for just-in-time (JIT) deliveries, reduced inventory buffers, and e-business

(Brindley, 2004; Fawcett et al., 2011; Giunipero and Eltantawy, 2004; Hallikas et al., 2004; Harland et al., 2003;

Narasimhan and Talluri, 2009).

Fuelled by several well-documented events, such as natural disasters and events (e.g. Tsunami, 2004;

Hurricane Katrina, 2005; Taiwan earthquakes, 1999, 2009, and 2010), diseases (e.g. foot- and mouth disease,

2001 in the UK; SARS-pandemic, 2003/2004; Avian influenza, 2005; Swine influenza 2009), and terrorist

attacks (e.g. New York, 2001; Madrid, 2004; London, 2005; Jakarta, 2009) (Wagner and Neshat, 2012), the

Iceland volcano eruption in 2010, the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, 2011, or Hurricane Sandy in 2012, interest

in supply chain risk (SCR) issues has steadily grown. However, the literature on SCRM is highly fragmented

hindering a throughout understanding of where research lies and what to research next (Pfohl et al., 2010).

Although SCRM has become standard in supply chain management (SCM) research, the term and the concept to

establish beneficial SCRM is still ambiguous and lacks adequate understanding. In general, a well-grounded,

unified, and universally recognised SCRM definition is presently missing. In the same vein, differing concepts

of theory building have headed towards an inconsistent use of terminologies to implement SCRM effectively

using terms such as moderators, activities, antecedents, principles, capabilities, and elements. Furthermore, a

critical still underexplored subject is the relationship between SCRM and performance (Sodhi et al., 2012).

Along with increasing (SCR) due to environmental and economic changes, it is of paramount importance to

answer the question of how to reduce SCRs (Chen et al., 2013). For the purpose of the study we embrace the

following definition of SCRM:

“Supply chain risk management is to [collaborate] with partners in a supply chain apply risk management

process tools to deal with risks and uncertainties caused by, or impacting on, logistics related activities or

resources” (Norrman and Jansson, 2004, p. 436).

We aim to synthesise the existing research findings to provide a clear overview. In addressing this issue,

the study at hand offers an SLR on SCRM by adopting a rigorous research approach. The systematic literature

review methodology has been recently used in other supply chain management literature reviews as well (e.g.

Gimenez and Tachizawa, 2012; Lightfoot et al., 2013; Pilbeam, et al., 2012). Our findings offer essential

theoretical contributions to the SCRM literature on strategic responses to adverse events by synthesising the

inconsistent and fragmented literature. We aim at creating a classificatory framework and indicating existing

gaps to motivate new research that will add to the current knowledge on SCRM. The paper at hand is structured

as follows. The proceeding section deals with the elucidation of the rigorous SLR method and emphasises the

constitutional research questions including the criteria drawn on in selecting and evaluating journal articles.

Next, literature is analysed and synthesised, then succeeded by the description of the principal findings of the

review; resulting in a conceptual framework for the enablers of SCRM. Finally, we work out the underlying

implications for practitioners and point out possible directions for future research. This research makes three

major contributions. A definition of SCRM is established, 12 top SCRM enablers are proposed, and research

propositions are created to guide future research.

2 REVIEW METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

The adopted SLR process is inspired by the works of Crossan and Apaydin (2010), Kilubi (2015), Meier

(2011), and Wang and Shu (2010) and follows five distinct stages as shown in Figure 1: (1) database selection,

(2) journal selection, (3) article selection, (4) article classification, and (5) article analysis.

Irène Kilubi and Hans-Dietrich Haasis

Figure 1 Research methodology of the present systematic literature review

Source: According to Crossan and Apaydin (2010), Kilubi (2015), Meier (2011), Wang and Shu (2010).

The defined central research trends focused on are: What is the state of SCRM as presented in academic

literature and how mature is the literature? Has a supply chain risk management been adequately defined? What

are the major enablers that lead to increased performance and could this help researchers and practitioners to

build a more grounded case for the implementation? To respond to the questions the following objectives were

defined:

a) Review and analyse the literature regarding definitions and research methodologies applied.

b) Develop a classificatory framework that clusters existing enablers on SCRM based on preventive and

responsive strategies that may be in light of practical advancement, embraced and further developed into

measurement constructs in future research.

c) Examine the relationship between SCRM and performance.

d) Establish a research agenda including research propositions by identifying critical research issues in

areas where further research is required.

The following databases were drawn on for the retrieval of business-related papers published in the English

language in academic journals: Science Direct (Elsevier), SCOPUS, Taylor & Francis Group, Business Source

Complete (EBSCO Host), Springer Link, Emerald Insight, and ABI/Inform Global (ProQuest). These databases

have been applied in previous SLRs, too (cf. Kilubi, 2015; Natarajarathinam et al., 2009; Nijmeijer et al., 2013;

Rashman et al., 2009; Soni and Kodali, 2011). We entered the search phrases “Supply Chain Risk” OR “Supply

Chain Risk Management” in the article title (TI) solely along with ‘Performance’ in the abstract (AB), keywords

(KW) and title (TI) search. The use of the term ‘Supply Chain Risk Management’ is widely acknowledged in the

scholarly literature, which supports the choice.

For the article selection process, top-tier peer-reviewed journals with an ABS

(associationofbusinessschools.org) ranking of 4 or 3 were determined as further inclusion criteria. First of all,

we formed a review panel consisting of one university professor and two research assistants to validate the

review process and to enhance quality. We then scanned the selected electronic databases under the terms of our

defined search strings, with no time restriction. The search resulted in 3963 articles initially; of what 3605

duplicates were removed and 363 references have been identified and screened on title and abstract. Next, 216

references were excluded after the examination of the abstracts and the conclusions because of not meeting the

pre-determined inclusion criteria. The analysis led to an initial article set of 147 articles of which 76 articles

have been excluded as they lay beyond of the research scope of the study. Thus, journal articles had to show a

clear focus on SCRM and the study’s purpose; remaining 71 articles. Besides, while scanning the citations and

bibliographies of every article, the reference check revealed further potential contributions that had not been

Step 1: Database selection

ScienceDirect, (Elsevier) SCOPUS, Taylor & Francis Group, Business Source Complete (EBSC), Springer Link,

Emerald Insight, ABI/Inform (ProQuest’s)

Step 2: Journal Selection

Based on defined search criteria and search strings

Step 3: Article selection

(1) conceptual papers, (2) surveys/questionnaires, (3) simulation/modeling, (4) case studies, (5) secondary

databases, (6) multiple methods, and (7) literature reviews

Step 4: Article classification

Preventive and responsive SCRM enablers

Step 5: Article analysis

Synthesis and evaluation

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

found or overlooked during the initial key search. Here again, their reference lists were in turn scanned; this

process was carried forward until no further journal article was identified. Therefore, nine additional items were

included through this cross-referencing approach. The end result is a database of 80 peer-reviewed journal

articles from 2000 to the beginning of 2015 (first quarter). A detailed schematic presentation of the process

employed for selecting and evaluating studies is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Detailed article selection process

3 STUDY FINDINGS

The synthesis aims at bringing together the findings on a selected topic, the results of which ought to be

used to reach a higher degree of comprehension and attain a level of theoretical or conceptual advance beyond

that accomplished in any single empirical research (Campbell et al., 2003). Indeed, the aim was to examine and

analyse the SCRM literature while synthesising it into a novel format (Denyer and Tranfield, 2009).

3.1 Descriptive features of reviewed SCRM literature

The 80 journal articles identified through the SLR are analysed in this section with respect to the

publication year, journal, and the methodological approach in order to understand the trends in the body of

literature relevant to SCRM. An analysis of the years in which the 80 selected articles were published manifests

that the first articles appeared in 2000. In fact, nearly 89% of the surveyed journal articles (68 out of 80) were

published from 2004 onwards. The years 2004 (13%/ n=10), followed by 2012 (each 11%/ n=9), 2011 (9%/

n=7), 2008, 2009, and 2013 (each 8%/ n=6) marked the peaks, providing evidence that research interest in

SCRM is still further growing (cf. Table 1).

The sample of 80 articles in the present review was published in 27 business-related academic journals.

The highest share of articles (45%) were published in the International Journal of Physical Distribution &

Logistics Management (n=13), International Journal of Production Economics (n = 12), and Supply Chain

Management: An International Journal (n=11).

3968 references identified through database searching:

• ScienceDirect (Elsevier) n = 501

• SCOPUS n = 1331

• Taylor & Francis n = 132

• Business Source Complete (EBSCO Host) n = 312

• ABI/Inform Global (ProQuest) n = 1.057

• Springer Link n = 554

• Emerald n = 81

3605 duplicates removed

363 references identified and screened on title and abstract abstracts

identified and screened

216 references excluded after examination of abstracts and conclusions

 not meeting the inclusion criteria

147 full copies retrieved and assessed for eligibility

71 articles included after reading full text

9 additional articles included by reference check

80 articles finally included in the systematic literature review

76 articles excluded after reading the full text

 no focus on defined research questions

Irène Kilubi and Hans-Dietrich Haasis

Table 1 Number of articles per year published by the academic journal (appearing at least twice)

Academic Journal

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

No. of

articles

European Journal of Operational Research

3,75%

International Journal of Logistics Research

and Applications

2,50%

International Journal of Physical Distribution

and Logistics Management

16,25%

International Journal of Production Research

5,00%

International Journal of Production

Economics

15,00%

Journal of Business Logistics

5,00%

Journal of Operations Management

6,25%

Journal of Purchasing and Supply

Management

3,75%

Journal of Supply Chain Management

3,75%

Management Science

2,50%

Omega

3,75%

Production and Operations Management

3,75%

Supply Chain Management: An International

Journal

110

13,75%

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To assess the research methodologies applied in the selected articles, we looked at seven methodological

approaches. Similar to Winter and Knemeyer (2013), we examined methodologies applied in order to compare

the existing SCRM research approaches: (1) conceptual papers, (2) surveys/questionnaires, (3)

simulation/modeling, (4) case studies, (5) secondary databases, (6) multiple methods, and (7) literature reviews.

However, other than Winter and Knemeyer, we chose to leave out delphi methods and include two additional

research methodologies as substitutes — since they seem to be prominent in SCRM research (Agrell et al.,

2004) — namely conceptual and simulation/modeling papers. We found that simulation/modeling was the

primary methodological approach adopted in the reviewed papers (18 out of 80 articles). Furthermore,

researchers adopted the case study research design and the survey/questionnaire design (each 16 out of 80

articles), succeeded by conceptual research design (12 out of 80 articles). However, the multiple research design

along with literature reviews were only used each in 7 out of 80 articles. Besides, only a small number of papers

conducted secondary database research (4 out of 80 articles).

3.2 Defining supply chain risk management

In the present SLR, while we were keen on capturing a broad range of perceptions, we tried to avoid

subjective bias. Hence, a definition of SCRM had to be explicitly stated by the original author, not merely

inferred, for consideration. The findings of this review indicate that the two propositions, namely, coordination

and identification have often been mentioned in SCRM definitions. The elements of coordination and

vulnerability reduction were first referred to in the definition of Jüttner et al. (2003), who took the first steps to

explain risk management within the SCRM context. They posit that the management of risks in the context of

SCM represents “the identification and management of risks for the supply chain, through a coordinated

approach amongst supply members to reduce supply chain vulnerability as a whole” (p. 124). On the one hand,

Norrman and Janssen (2008), as well as Tang (2006), put a primary emphasis on collaboration. On the other

hand, Giunipero and Eltantawy (2004) bring forward the argument that SCRM should have a long-term focus

and follow a continuous approach, requiring dedication from all supply chain members. It is apparent that only

Tang (2006), Manuj and Mentzer (2008b), and the Supply Chain Council included the performance and the cost

savings/ profitability dimension in their definition (cf. Table 2). However, Lavastre et al. (2012) adopt another

perspective on SCRM taking strategic and operational aspects together with short - and long-term assessment

into consideration. Wieland and Wallenberg (2012), likewise, hold a strategic perspective on SCRM, perceiving

it as an approach to implement strategies to reduce vulnerability and ensure continuity. Nonetheless, we have

found that the SCRM definition of Jüttner et al. (2003) is the most frequently used one in journal articles

studying SCRM. Their definition bases on a synthesis of traditional risk management and SCM principles. Next,

Norrman and Jansson (2004), Goh et al. (2007), as well as Lavastre et al. (2012) proposed concise and relevant

SCRM definitions based on research projects. One comprehensive definition of SCRM was suggested by Manuj

and Mentzer (2008b). Their definition builds upon existing literature (cf. Jüttner et al., 2003; Norrman and

Jansson, 2004) and on several in-depth interviews. They describe (global) SCRM as “the identification and

evaluation of risks and consequent losses in global supply chain and implementation of appropriate strategies

through a coordinated approach among supply chain members with the objective of reducing one or more of the

following - losses, probability, speed of event, speed of losses, the time for detection of the events, frequency, or

exposure - for supply chain outcomes that, in turn, lead to close match of actual savings and profitability with

those desired” (p. 205). Closer investigation of the correspondences and dissimilarities revealed that in most of

the papers the elements of coordination, collaboration, and identification across organisations formed part of

several SCRM definitions (e.g. Goh et al., 2007; Tang, 2006; The Supply Chain Council). However, there

seems to be no distinct consensus on the definition of “supply chain risk management” (see Table 2). Indeed,

several authors make evident the predominant heterogeneity by either synthesising earlier SCRM definitions to

create a new one (e.g. Giunipero and Eltantawy, 2004; Tang, 2006; Wieland and Wallenburg, 2012) or referring

to a certain number of different authors (e.g. Tang and Musa, 2011; Trkman and McCormack, 2009; Zhao et al.,

2013). Thus, since no core definition synthesising SCRM understanding has been published yet, we apply our

obtained cognition to convey an overarching definition of SCRM, which will be presented in Section 4.

Irène Kilubi and Hans-Dietrich Haasis

Table 2 Definitions of supply chain risk management (SCRM)

Author(s)

Supply chain risk management definition(s)

Jüttner et al. (2003, p. 202)

SCRM means “the identification and management of risks for the supply chain

through a coordinated approach amongst supply chain members, to reduce

supply chain vulnerability as a whole.”

Giunipero and Eltantawy (2004, p. 703)

“Risk management is a continual process that involves long-term dedication of

supply chain members.”

Norrman and Jansson (2004, p. 436)

“Supply chain risk management is to [collaborate] with partners in a supply

chain apply risk management process tools to deal with risks and uncertainties

caused by, or impacting on, logistics related activities or resources.“

Tang (2006, p. 453)

SCRM is “the management of supply chain risk through coordination or

collaboration among the supply chain partners as to ensure profitability and

continuity.”

Goh et al. (2007, pp. 164-165)

SCRM is defined „as the identification and management of risks within the

supply network and externally through co-ordinated approach amongst supply

chain members to reduce supply chain vulnerability as a whole.”

Manuj and Mentzer (2008, p. 205)

“Global SCRM is the identification and evaluation of risks and consequent

losses in global supply chain and implementation of appropriate strategies

through a coordinated approach among supply chain members with the objective

of reducing one or more of the following - losses,probability, speed of event,

speed of losses, the time for detection of the events, frequency, or exposure - for

supply chain outcomes that, in turn, lead to close matching of actual cost savings

and profitability with those desired.“

Thun and Hoenig (2011, p. 243)

”Risk management, in general, is described as the identification and analysis of

risks as well as their control. A main particularity of Supply Chain Risk

Management (SCRM) contrary to traditional risk management is that it is

characterized by a cross-company orientation aiming at the identification and

reduction of risks not only on the company level but rather focusing on entire

supply chains.“

Wieland and Wallenburg (2012, pp.

890-891)

“SCRM is defined as the implementation of strategies to manage both every day

and exceptional risks along the supply chain based on continuous risk

assessment with the objective of reducing vulnerability and ensuring continuity.”

Lavastre et al. (2012, p. 830)

“SCRM is the management of risk that implies both strategic and operational

horizons for long-term and short-term assessment.”

Supply Chain Council

“SCRM is the systematic identification, assessment and mitigation of potential

disruptions in logistics networks with the objective to reduce their negative

impact on the logistics network’s performance.”

3.4 Enablers for an effective supply chain risk management

In analysing the enablers to make SCRM work, an inconsistent body of terminologies and wordings in the

literature can be noticed. While some refer to SCRM strategies as antecedents (Braunscheidel and Suresh, 2009;

Jüttner et al., 2003), or moderators (Manuj and Mentzer, 2008b), others call them activities (Sinha et al., 2004),

enablers (Faisal et al. 2006), elements (Christopher and Lee, 2004), capabilities (Chen et al., 2013; Sheffi and

Rice, 2005), or principles (Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005). Taking into account that capability terms have various

definitions in the literature, the present study remains neutral in its descriptive analysis and uses the term

‘enablers’. Hence, our SLR revealed 12 top enablers across various journal articles. The largest number of

studies deal with visibility (n=24) to ensure successful SCRM. Furthermore, researchers also discuss flexibility

(n=17) and relationships (n=15). Next, redundancy (n=13), followed by coordination as well as postponement

(each n=10), and multiple sourcing (each n=9) were considered as vital by several academics. Finally,

collaboration was guided with eight articles (n=8). Table 3 illustrates the top 12 enablers that represent a total

share of approximately 65% of the selected articles.

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Table 3 Analysis of top 12 SCRM enablers in research from 2000 to the beginning 2015

Enabler(s)

Frequency

Author(s)

Visibility

Johnson, 2001; Bode et al., 2011; Spekman and Davis, 2004; Finch, 2004;

Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Faisal et al., 2006; Sinha et al., 2004; Ritchie and

Brindley, 2007a, b; Lavastre et al, 2012; Christopher and Lee, 2004; Nooraie

and Parast, 2015; Yang and Yang, 2010; Jüttner et al. 2003; Manuj and

Mentzer, 2008a, b; Bandaly et al., 2014; Tang, 2006b; Tang and Tomlin,

2008; Wagner and Bode, 2008; Speier et al., 2011; Zsidisin et al., 2004; Khan

et al. 2008; Norrman and Jansson, 2004

Flexibility

Talluri et al., 2013; Knemeyer et al., 2009; Braunscheidel and Suresh, 2009;

Jüttner et al., 2003; Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Sinha et al. 2004;

Christopher and Holweg, 2011; Sheffi and Rice, 2005; Zsidisin and Wagner,

2010; Skipper and Hanna, 2009; Johnson, 2001; Khan et al., 2008; Tang,

2006b; Knemeyer et al., 2009; Tang and Tomlin, 2008; Thun and Hoenig,

2011; Wieland, 2013

Relationships

Groetsch et al., 2015; Giunipero and Eltantawy, 2004; Faisal et al., 2006;

Ritchie and Brindley, 2007a, b; Lavastre et al, 2012; Tang 2006b; Speier et

al., 2011; Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Hallikas et al., 2002; Lavastre et al,

2012; Jüttner et al., 2003; Khan et al. 2008; Spekman and Davis, 2004; Vilko

and Hallikas, 2012

Redundancy

Marley et al., 2014; Bode et al., 2011; Talluri et al., 2013; Zsidisin et al.,

2000; Lavastre et al, 2012; Zsidisin and Ellram, 2003; Tang, 2006b;

Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Tomlin, 2006; Sheffi and Rice, 2005; Knemeyer

et al., 2009; Schmitt and Singh, 2012; Zsidisin and Wagner, 2010

Coordination

Braunscheidel and Suresh, 2009; Ritchie and Brindley, 2007a, b; Knemeyer et

al., 2009; Ellis et al., 2010; Hallikas et al., 2004; Speier et al., 2011; Lavastre

et al., 2012; Sinha et al., 2004; Jüttner et al., 2003

Postponement

Manuj et al., 2014; Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Yang and Yang, 2010; Jüttner

et al. 2003; Manuj and Mentzer, 2008a, b; Bandaly et al., 2014; Tang, 2006b;

Tang and Tomlin, 2008; Wagner and Bode, 2008

Multiple sourcing

Sinha et al. 2004; Jüttner et al., 2003; Knemeyer et al., 2009; Norrman and

Jansson, 2004; Tang, 2006b; Zsidisin and Ellram, 2003; Kleindorfer and Saad,

2005; Ritchie and Brindley, 2007a,b

Collaboration

Jüttner et al., 2003; Spekman and Davis, 2004; Khan et al. 2008; Kleindorfer

and Saad, 2005; Christopher and Holweg, 2011; Lavastre et al., 2012; Vilko

and Hallikas, 2012; Chen et al., 2013

Risk Awareness

Braunscheidel and Suresh, 2009; Ritchie and Brindley, 2007a, b; Hallikas et

al., 2002; Manuj and Mentzer, 2008a, b

Agility

Faisal et al., 2006; Wieland and Wallenburg, 2012; Braunscheidel and Suresh,

2009; Khan et al., 2008; Wieland, 2013; Jüttner et al., 2003; Lavastre et al.,

2012

Avoidance

Manuj and Mentzer 2008a, b; Jüttner et al., 2003; Tang, 2006b; Tomlin, 2006;

Knemeyer et al., 2009

Contingency planning

Finch, 2004; Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Norrman and Jansson, 2004; Ellis et

al., 2011; Skipper and Hanna 2009; Zsidisin et al. 2000

Risk monitoring

Finch, 2004; Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005; Hallikas et al., 2004; Norrman and

Jansson, 2004; Hendricks and Singhal, 2005; Hoffmann et al., 2013

Transferring and sharing

risks

Li et al., 2015; Peck, 2006; Manuj and Mentzer, 2008a, b; Wagner and Bode,

2008; Knemeyer et al., 2009; Finch, 2004

3.5 Grouping and synthesis of enablers

The controversy and disparity that surrounds the SCRM definitions also surrounds the SCRM enablers. A

good illustration of the discrepancies in expression is the fact that some researchers referred to redundancy,

whereas others spoke about holding surplus inventory, safety stocks, strategic stock, or extra stock — although

all researchers might have meant the same. Thus, the findings designate that a greater agreement on specific

terms regarding key SCRM enablers is required. To group and synthesise the SCRM enablers, we are consistent

with other researchers that make a distinction between preventive and responsive risk mitigating methods (e.g.

Knemeyer et al., 2009; Tomlin, 2008; Wieland and Wallenburg; 2013; Zsidisin et al., 2000). Preventive methods

are cause-related measurement approaches that aim at reducing the probability of risk to occur (Thun and

Hoenig, 2011) and responsive methods are meant to minimise the obstacles of adverse events (Tomlin, 2008).

Within the preventive approach, we are of the opinion that six enablers may help protect against potential SCRs,

Irène Kilubi and Hans-Dietrich Haasis

namely visibility, relationships, collaboration, coordination, multiple, postponement, and redundancy.

Responsive methods are effect-oriented approaches that aim at counter measuring the adverse consequence of

incidents; they do not immediately fight the risks but attempt to captivate the impairment caused by risks.

Accordingly, the respective SC should be designed in a way that the consequences of an incurred risk are

moderated (Thun and Hoenig, 2011; Tomlin, 2008). Thus, we propose that the following five enablers for

effective SCRM within the responsive approach to respond to SCRs, namely visibility, flexibility, multiple

sourcing, redundancy, and coordination.

The findings direct that visibility, multiple sourcing, and redundancy are central enablers needed in each

preventive and responsive methods of SCRM. However, while some enablers may be more suited for preventing

SCRs, others are more responsive in nature to immediately react to supply chain risks as soon as they emerge.

Figure 3 demonstrates SCRM enablers and their corresponding sub-level enablers classified into preventive and

responsive strategy. The conceptual framework provides a reference guide for practitioners in considering

SCRM implementation. The framework differs from other SCRM frameworks in terms of its scope as it is

exclusively centered around SCRM enablers.SCRM may be implemented in all or only selected strategies using

each enabler where appropriate, and there are several processes, tools and systems to choose from. Moreover,

SCRM benefits can also be identified at first glance.

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

Figure 3 Supply chain management enablers framework (including sub-level enablers)

3.6 The supply chain risk management–performance linkage

In this section, we will present the published contributions that address the relationship between SCRM or

SCRs respectively, and performance. Hendricks and Singhal (2005) illustrate that SC disruptions severely

impact the health of affected organisations concerning their profitability. They further found out that those firms

affected do only slowly recover from the detriments caused by those disruptions. Papadakis (2006) examined

the impact that supply chain disruptions have on the financial performance of companies. His empirical findings

proved the decrease in firm’s stock price due to supply chain risks. He further declares that risk exposure makes

it difficult for companies to anticipate supply chain disruptions, like, for instance, those arising from human-

made or natural disasters. Wilson (2007) analysed the effect of disturbances during transportation on supply

chain (SC) performance. Briefly, a transportation disruption between the 1st tier supplier and the warehouse has

the utmost adverse effect on the supply chain, resulting in high increase in inventory levels and materials in

transit, and in turn leading to unfilled customer orders. Wagner and Bode (2008) executed a large-scale

quantitative research examining the impact of SCRs on SC performance. They revealed that 6% of the variance

of the performance of supply chains was due to the adverse effect of supply chain risks. They concluded that

SCRM was of paramount importance in both managing demand- and supply-side risks. Four measures assess

the impact of SCRs on SC performance: order fill capacity, delivery dependability, customer satisfaction, and

delivery speed. Skipper and Hanna (2009) focused on flexibility and found that top management support,

information technology usage, resource alignment, and external collaboration profoundly contribute to the

flexibility and thus reduce the exposure to supply chain disruption risks. Flexibility has been demonstrated to

enhance the ability to minimise risk exposure in the event of a SC disruption. Braunscheidel and Suresh (2009)

showed that augmenting supply chain agility serves as a critical driver for mitigating supply chain risks.

According to these researchers, agility is of value for both response and mitigation strategies, highlighting fast,

preventive measures when confronted with supply chain risks. Lai et al. (2009) showed that systems efficiency

can be improved through inventory risk sharing within the supply chain. The authors illustrated that with

financial restriction, the combination mode, i.e. sharing inventory risks, delivers the greatest efficiency. In their

study, Thun and Hoenig (2011) revealed that organisations with a more mature level of SCRM implementation

degree yield a superior SC performance and those using the preventive SCRM method show greater flexibility

and are better at planning safety stocks. Kern et al. (2012) have empirically validated the continuous impact of

the three primary risk management steps, 1) risk identification, 2) risk assessment, and 3) risk mitigation on

business performance. Their research demonstrates that firms with high expertise in those three SCRM phases

render excellent performance concerning frequency and impact reduction of supply chain risks. Next, Wieland

and Wallenburg (2012) in their empirical study where survey data from 270 industrial firms had been collected

discovered that SCRM is necessary for the robustness and agility of a firm to improve performance. While

agility has a significantly positive effect only on a SC customer value, robustness has a significantly positive

impact on both performance measurements. Zhao et al. (2013) analysed both the relationship between SCRs

supply chain integration (SCI) and business performance. Their results showed that SCRs have a negative

impact on SCI and in turn on business performance. All in all, their findings advocate that SCRs have an

undesirable impact on internal, supplier, and customer integration, pointing out that supply chain delivery risks

hinder effective SCI. Chen et al. (2013) in their study, examined supply chain collaboration (SCC) as a risk

mitigation strategy with data collected from 203 manufacturing enterprises in Australia. The study shows that

SCC can significantly decrease SCRs. More precisely, their research demonstrated that process risks have the

severest direct effect on SC performance, and that process hazards cause the majority of external hazards, either

from the supply- or demand-side. Schmitt et al. (2015) proved that a decentralised design structure is ideal when

supply and demand uncertainty are both existent, which balances out cost variance via risk modification effect.

Finally, Nooraie and Parast (2015), revealed that increased visibility in SCs offers tremendous cost savings

when SC disturbances occur. The outcomes showed that increased visibility is alluring because it builds

efficiency in a SC and reduces both risks and costs.

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Supply chain risk management definitions

From the very few definitions that exist, the results of our systematic review indicate that there is no

universal and widely accepted SCRM definition in the extant literature. Given the fact that the foundation of

SCM is the coordination between each entity and interface within a supply chain Thun and Hoenig (2011)

correctly perceived that SCRM in opposition to traditional risk management holds a cross-company perspective

while entire supply chain networks are the centre of attention. Although many authors adopt different views on

SCRM, they put emphasis on the primary focus of SCRM that it extends traditional risk management

approaches by integrating all partners upstream and downstream the supply chain. While there may only be

slight differences between the definitions offered by the authors aforementioned, the central meaning is

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

apparent: Any approach to SCRM should seek to understand, identify, and reduce risks to the SC as a whole

through coordination amongst partners. An in-depth analysis of the literature reveals that although there are

similar definitions of SCRM in existence there is no widely and commonly one available. Considering the

evolution of SCRM definitions, most of the proposals have only slightly been modified, referring to existing

definitions or resulting from theory-building. A plausible explanation for the deviants in defining the elements

inherent in SCRM might be that many researchers only use the SCRM definition as a basis for their research,

thus, merely slightly modifying extant definitions without developing a central and unified definition. Besides,

SCRM is a young cross-disciplinary research field with multiple facets; it should be borne in mind that previous

definitions have primarily been developed based on conceptual views. Thus, SCRM definitions lack the

empirical testing that could impede the creation of an universal definition. The conducted research further

reveals that most researchers focus on defining ‘supply chain risk’ than on proposing a coherent definition on

SCRM. Reviewing the literature it appears that the definition of “supply chain risk” is given more consideration

to by authors than the definition of “supply chain risk management”(cf. Harland et al., 2003; Sinha et al., 2004;

Zsidisin et al., 2004; Zsidisin and Ellram, 2003). A worthy indication of the level of maturity of a discipline is

provided by the attitude of researchers concerning the definition of core concepts (Burgess et al., 2009), which

suggests that definitional consensus does not exist and that SCRM is still in the evolving stage and has not yet

reached maturity. We consequently anticipate that more new or altered definitions will be offered shortly. Thus,

based on the findings and insights of the review, we convey an overarching definition of SCRM:

SCRM implies the identification, assessment, monitoring and evaluation of risks and potential threats within

and outside supply chain networks with all members and entities involved. It supports cooperative and

collaborative management of supply chain risks with the aid of adequate tools, techniques, and strategies as to

mitigate or eliminate risk exposure. SCRM, therefore, aims at ensuring flexibility and agility to deliver

operational excellence and to achieve superior performance and customer value.

4.2 Supply chain risk management enablers

The examination of 80 journal articles reveals that preventive and responsive methods require similar

enablers to make SCRM work. Furthermore, the analysis clearly demonstrates a lack of consistency among

different enablers that may hinder the ability to implement SCRM effectively. Hence, a greater consensus on

particular notions and terms concerning SCRM enablers is undoubtedly required. Consequently, we grouped and

synthesised the different terms into preventive and responsive SCRM methods. For the preventive approach, the

strategy constitutes the enablers of visibility, relationships, collaboration, multiple sourcing, postponement, and

redundancy. In most cases, late differentiation (postponement) works best in situations organisations have to

face a high degree of demand-side risk, while the supply-side risks are fairly small (Manuj et al., 2014). In

contrast, a responsive approach includes visibility, flexibility, multiple sourcing, redundancy, and coordination.

Stank et al. (2001) also comment the benefits of collaboration to include a reduction in resource sharing, greater

response to customer needs, and increased flexibility in adjusting to alterations in the marketplace. In their

study, Wieland and Wallenburg (2013) demonstrate the effectiveness of preventive and responsive strategies for

dealing with unexpected interruptions where they conclude that the design of the SC has a substantial influence

on the suitability of the different SCRM enablers. As a result, we may assume that through combining both

strategy methods organisations can exploit the advantages of both “world”. This is in line with the findings

made by Thun and Hoenig (2011), who found that firms applying preventive methods show higher values in

terms of increased flexibility, reduced stocks, faster reactivity, and cost reduction, whereas firms adopting

responsive methods show higher average values concerning the lessening of the bullwhip effect.

Several authors suggest that an organisation’s ability to capture information for use in planning processes is

critical to exploiting and developing adequate capabilities to deal with SCRs (Fawcett et al., 2000). Firms must

possess that ability to share information to establish contingency plans, to manage planning processes, and to

control daily business operations (Kaplan, 1991). Fundamental to the ability to plan is the exchange of large

amounts of information within and between SC entities. Information and communication systems allow a firm

to implement strategy and planning procedures by making decisions more quickly and increase inter–

organisational and intra–organisational performance levels (Sanders and Premus, 2005). IT usage allows for

efficient communication and information-sharing related to the allocation of resources, which, combined with

adequate resource alignment allows a SC network to respond quickly and in a coordinated manner to SCRs for

maximum operational benefit (Bode et al., 2011; Sanders and Primus, 2005; Wakolbinger et al., 2011).

4.3 Supply chain risk management and performance

The findings show a lack of empirical evidence for the linkage between SCRM and its related performance

outcomes; however, there is at least fractional confirmation that SCRM and performance are positively linked to

each other. Nevertheless, only 13 out 80 journal articles conducted empirical research to quantify the impact of

SCRM, for instance, on organisational performance. The analysis point to robustness measures to accommodate

sudden, unexpected events and to minimise the potential risk impact on performance. Overall, the contemporary

and emerging studies show that the total SCRM effectiveness can be measured through three fundamental

performance indicators (supply chain performance, financial performance and customer satisfaction), which can

be used to quantify the management of SCRs. Schoenherr et al. (2012) emphasises that the risk topic is a field of

inquiry of paramount relevance in the SCM context and despite the numerous SCRM studies, little focus on

evaluating and measuring the effect of SCRM on performance. Until now, SCRM experiences the absence of

reasonable and sufficient quantitative measures for SCR that considers the attributes of cutting edge supply

chains. Measures principally used in finance and accounting are frequently used as mathematical methods in

SCRM, too. Though, those measures regularly address the deviation from efficiency-based targets (Heckmann

et al., 2014). Consequently, they lack the evaluation of both operational effectiveness and essential performance

indicators like product quality or customer value (Lapide, 2000). Research shows that the impact of a risk is

weakened when companies implement preventive or responsive mitigation strategies (e.g. Knemeyer et al.,

2009, Norrman and Jansson, 2004; Thun and Hoenig, 2011). Therefore, it is s favourable to make the risk

probability and the risk impact comparable; thus, for the risk measurement process, two elements of a risk are

pivotal: likelihood and impact (Norrman and Jansson, 2004). Under the terms of Zsidisin et al. (2004), risk

probability measures how frequently a harmful event emerges and risk impact states the implication of that loss.

In this context, Manuj and Mentzer (2008b) emphasise the importance of speed and group the speed of risk into

three distinct categories:

(a) The rate and frequency of the event that leads to loss,

(b) the rate and frequency losses emerge, and

Schmitt and Singh (2012) recommend companies to focus on reducing the duration of disruptions over the

frequency. Tomlin (2006, p. 640) supports the view that the nature of a disturbance, e.g. frequent but short vs.

rare but long, is a crucial determinant of the optimal strategy, when studying mitigation and contingency

methods. The probability of risk and its impact is thus recommended to be applied as decision criteria to select

the right strategy for each particular supply chain (Wieland, 2013). Although the above-mentioned

investigations clearly manifest that SCRM has a positive effect on performance and SCRs negatively impact on

organisational output, the number of studies — only around 16% (13 out of 80 papers) — empirically test that

relationship. While our analysis examined SCRM as the ability to avoid and reduce vulnerability to respond to

uncertainties and risks as well as to analyse and mitigate potential disruptions we identified that SCRM can be

quantified through three essential performance metrics that enable reporting on how severe a SCR impact is and

how a firm’s SCRM performs:

(1) Supply chain performance

(2) Financial performance and

(3) Customer value.

5 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

The challenges of managing supply chain risks are no less than important than managing other risks faced

by a company. As our world becomes more and more disordered and turbulent, the management of risks will

play a greater role in both global supply chain network design and daily operating decision-making (Fawcett et

al., 2011). SCRM aims at providing approaches and practices for identifying, assessing, analysing and treating

areas of vulnerability, disruptions and risks in supply chain networks (Neiger et al., 2009; Thun and Hoenig,

2011; Jüttner et al., 2003). Practical application of both of responsive and preventive strategy approaches

collectively allows organisations or networks to have their resources properly allocated and positioned for

maximum benefit. SCRM requires top management to take an increasingly preventive role in being well-armed

for several interruptions and necessitates the same rigorous analysis and evaluation of various options and

alternatives for modifying these risks (Silva and Reddy, 2011). Furthermore, measuring SCRM is a crucial

managerial prerequisite that supports an organisation’s knowledge and awareness of handling unexpected risk

events. It also aids organisations to evaluate their SCRM, even in terms of malfunction. Corresponding firms of

SCs thus need to establish a common understanding of SCRs and agree upon on a coherent risk assessment and

evaluation standard, which enables to evaluate the identified risks irrespective of the company 's specific

preparedness to take risks. As a result, our framework with the groupings of SCRM enablers and their

corresponding sub-level enablers provide an excellent managerial guideline to establish an effective SCRM. The

enablers can be applied to design managerial processes to handle SCRs and to identify areas for improvement.

Managers can further apply the identified SCRM enablers in this study to benchmark preventive and responsive

SCRM methods. Practical application of both preventive and responsive approaches collectively allows

organisations or networks to have their resources properly allocated and positioned for maximum benefit. We

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management / Business-and-Management.org

should note, however, that SCRM requires top management to take an increasingly proactive role in being well-

armed for several interruptions and necessitates a rigorous analysis and evaluation of various options and

alternatives for mitigating risks (Silva and Reddy, 2011).

6 AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Hence, the challenge is first to conduct further studies on that highly relevant topic in a meaningful and

practical context. Those research studies could focus attention on best practices to prevent SCRs with the aim to

meet customer requirements (Lee et al., 2004). Christopher and Lee (2004) prove through the “risk spiral” how

the lack of information leads to a “self-perpetuating descent into chaos” (p. 389). We have reviewed research on

SCRM with a focus on studies that were published in the last decade to date. Subsequent to introducing our

literature review findings we created a definition for supply chain risk management. Furthermore, taking into

account the findings from the literature survey, we have created a unique framework for SCRM with the focus

on it building enablers. In the following we will articulate research propositions to guide future research

prospect aiming at advancing current knowledge on the linkage between SCRM and performance. We will

indicate the social network theory (SNT) as a potential theoretical foundation.

The collected works on social network theory (SNT) are enormous, and especially since around 2000,

rising exponentially (Borgatti and Halgin, 2011); while an immense range of conceptions and methods have

been created (Wynstra et al., 2015). A supply chain may be seen as a value chain of social networks (Gulati,

1998; Gulati et al., 2000). Social network theory is applicable for the analysis of inter-organisational

relationships as firms endeavour to share data, synchronise their plans, and create products conjointly

(Galaskiewicz, 2011). The SNT takes a relational perspective and highlights on the connections a firm has with

different companies, and on how those relationships affect an organisation’s behaviour and performance (Dyer

and Chu, 2000). The SNT views organisational outcomes as a function of the social interrelationships between

firms or individual actors in a network (Jones et al., 1997). A company cannot alleviate risks in isolation. They

are asked to institute viable network structure of clients, suppliers, competitors, university bodies and research

societies, and so forth. The SNT gives an awareness that the benefits and cooperation among firms could be to a

great extent by the grant of network assets and their positionings within the network (e.g., cliques, centrality)

(Chang, 2003). In light of the social network theory, we conclude SCRM is an ongoing process that implicates

long-term dedication of all supply chain members involved (Giunipero and Eltantawy, 2004; Mahapatra et al.,

2010; Manuj and Mentzer, 2008b).

In any case, the relationship between the SCRM and SC performance has seldom been empirically

confirmed (Melnyk et al., 2004 and Ritchie and Brindley, 2007a, respectively). Thus, Hoffmann et al. (2013)

request for more empirical research in SCRM to explain SC performance. Firstly, we recommend researchers

further to study the synthesised findings of the proposed conceptual SCRM framework in a large-scale

quantitative study, in particular with the purpose to quantify the within reported enablers. The enablers may be

in light of practical advancement, embraced and further developed into measurement constructs in future

research.Several authors suggest that an organisation’s ability to capture information for use in planning

processes is critical to exploiting and developing adequate capabilities to deal with SCRs (Fawcett et al., 2000;

Yu and Goh, 2014). Firms must possess that ability to share the information to establish contingency plans, to

manage planning processes, and to control daily business operations (Sanders and Premus, 2005). Hence, we

formulate the first proposition as follows:

P1: The higher the level of supply chain visibility, the greater the ability to mitigate supply chain risks and

the higher the firm’s performance and customer value.

By achieving high levels of external integration through e.g. collaboration firms can increase their agility

and are able to better respond to market uncertainty concerning customer needs and foreseen/unforeseen

disruptions (Lavastre et al., 2012; Sinkovics and Roath, 2004). Some researchers have included collaboration

into SCRM mitigation frameworks (e.g. Christopher and Peck 2004; Chopra and Sodhi, 2004; Hallikas et al.

2004), but they are generally conceptually-based and provide little empirical evidence. In this context, Chen et

al. (2013) claim that collaboration is essential to mitigate SCRs; however this linkage has not been investigated

thoroughly, which leads to the second proposition:

P2: The higher the level of supply chain collaboration, the greater the ability to mitigate supply chain risks

and the better the firm’s performance and customer value.

In uncertain markets, a flexible supply chain can work out its options quicker than its competitors (Manuj

and Mentzer, 2008a). Zhang et al. (2002, 2003) examined the positive relationships between various types of

flexibility in terms of increased performance. Consistent with a study by Swafford et al. (2006), it was

established that flexibility in purchasing, production, distribution and logistics significantly contribute to the

achievement of agility. Likewise, Braunscheidel and Suresh (2009) indicate that flexibility is essential in global

SCs because it plays an assisting role in the coordination process and offers a unique ability to support

companies in managing the high levels of uncertainties inherent in global business operations. According to

Fawcett et al. (1996) firms that accomplish higher levels of flexibility leave behind their less flexible

competitors. Hence, we propose the following:

P3: The higher the level of supply chain flexibility, the greater the ability to mitigate supply chain risks and

the higher the firm’s performance and customer value.

Accordingly, in light of the identified SCRM performance metrics, we claim that through smooth exchange

of information, higher level of collaboration, and greater flexibility firms may improve their organisational

performance, and in turn achieve higher customer value. The proposed propositions are in line with suggestions

made by Manuj and Mentzer (2008a) who consider among others for instance flexibility, information systems

and performance metrics as key enablers in the process of risk management and mitigation. A summary of the

propositions is shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Summary of research propositions.

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS

The higher the level of supply chain visibility, the greater the ability to mitigate supply chain risks and the higher

the firm’s performance.

The higher the level of supply chain collaboration, the greater the ability to mitigate supply chain risks and the

better the firm’s performance.

The higher the level of supply chain flexibility, the greater the ability to mitigate supply chain risks and the higher

the firm’s performance.

Secondly, we also suggest investigating best practices for effective risk mitigation. Academics may

generate qualitative and quantitative measures to analyse the effect of SCRM enablers on performance to attain

new valuable insights. Therefore, several scholars advocate the application of mixed methods in SCM (Connelly

et al., 2013; Gammelgaard and Flint, 2012; Taylor and Taylor, 2009). Thirdly, we advise conducting

longitudinal research to monitor and evaluate the long-term performance after implementing SCRM. The

present study contributes to the SCRM literature in several ways. The paper at hand offers an SLR with the

state-of-the-art research with extant knowledge. Its value lies in the ability to synthesise present study and aid

understanding of the SCRM phenomenon to provide a solid basis for further enrichment. Hence, the findings

presented in the present study reveal the potential for future research endeavours in this significant scientific

discipline. We further hope that our SLR will contribute to the adoption of a standard and accepted definition of

SCRM.

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